Rekommendation
- Ge antibiotika i samband med instrumentell förlossning för att minska risken för sårinfektion och sårruptur.
- Ge antibiotika peroperativt vid suturering av sfinkterskada för att minska risken för sårinfektion och sårruptur.
- Ge antibiotika vid fördröjd suturering.
Instrumentell förlossning
Intravenös antibiotikaprofylax efter instrumentell förlossning reducerar sårinfektioner (ytliga från 8% till 4% och djupa från 5% till 2%) och sårrupturer (från 21% till 11%), men minskar inte vårdtiden eller endometrit enligt en Cochrane metaanalys från 2020 som sammanfattar resultaten från
- ANODE (n=3420, UK 2016-2018) som använde en enkeldos intravenös 1 g amoxicillin/200 mg klavulansyra eller placebo, utfall: sårinfektioner, sårruptur, endometrit.
- Heitmann (n=393, USA 1986-1989) som använde en enkeldos intravenös 2 g Cefotetan eller ingen behandling, utfall: endometrit, vårdtid.
Preparatkombinationen amoxicillin/klavulansyra saknas för intravenöst bruk i Sverige, men finns för peroralt bruk. Amoxicillin/klavulansyra-tabletter har hög biotillgänglighet (70%) men en tablett 875 mg/125 mg uppnår bara 1/10 av serumkoncentration för intravenöst given 1g/200 mg. Därför är det oklart om samma profylaktiska effekt uppnås med tabletter. Det preparat som är mest likt intravenös amoxicillin/klavulansyra är intravenös piperacillin/tazobactam. Cefotetan är en andra generationens cefalosporin (som t ex cefuroxim).
Antibiotikaprofylax vid klipp oavsett förlossningssätt har inte beforskats tillräckligt, men en sekundär analys av ANODE-studien visade att det var effektivt med antibiotikaprofylax oavsett typ av bristning eller klipp vid instrumentell förlossning.
Antibiotikaprofylax generellt vid vaginal förlossning är inte meningsfullt pga. låg effekt i en oselekterad population.
Förslag på val av antibiotika:
- Cefalosporin, t ex Cefotaxim eller Cefuroxim 1,5 g eller
- Piperacillin/tazobactam 4 g/0,5 g IV eller
- Klindamycin 900 mg IV vid PC-allergi.
Sfinkterskada
Vid sfinkterskada används i Sverige ofta kombinationer av två sorters antibiotika som profylaktisk engångsdos i samband med suturering:
- Cefalosporin, t ex Cefotaxim eller Cefuroxim 1,5 g, med/utan metronidazol 1,5 g IV eller
- Sulfametoxazol 160 mg/trimetoprim 800 mg (Eusaprim) och metronidazol 1-1,5 g IV (baserat på rutin vid kolorektal kirurgi) eller
- Klindamycin 600-900 mg vid PC-allergi.
Valet Cefuroxim bygger på en liten randomiserad studie, men det saknas egentligen randomiserade studier som stödjer användning av metronidazol. Brittiska RCOG rekommenderar peroperativ profylax (engångsdos cefalosporin) och postoperativ profylax (5 dagar peroral amoxicillin/klavulansyra och metronidazol). Amerikanska ACOG rekommenderar endast peroperativ profylax (engångsdos cefalosporin). En amerikansk randomiserad studie pågår som jämför postoperativ profylax enligt ovan eller ej.
De vanligaste mikroorganismerna som orsakar postpartuminfektioner som oklar feber, endometrit, sårinfektion och urinvägsinfektion är enterokocker, streptokocker, stafylokocker, gram‐negativa bacilli and anaerober. Exempel på antibiotika som är effektiva mot dessa mikroorganismer är ampicillin, cefalosporiner, clindamycin, vancomycin, azithromycin samt aminoglykosider. Det behövs ytterligare forskning för att ge stabil evidens för preparatval vid både instrumentell förlossning och sfinkterskada.
I en pågående svensk randomiserad kontrollerad studie om re-suturering eller konservativ behandling av sårruptur efter grad 2-bristningar används peroral amoxicillin 500 mg/klavulansyra 125 mg 1x3 och metronidazol 400 mg 1x3 i minst 6 dagar till alla patienter. Detta preparatval är sannolikt också det vanligaste vid uppkommen sårinfektion, se avsnitt om sårinfektion och sårruptur.
Fördröjd suturering
Vid behov kan suturering av komplicerad bristning planeras till dagtid. Om indikation finns för profylaktisk antibiotika har den bäst effekt om läkemedlet ges så nära inpå skadan / förlossningen som möjligt. Om suturering fördröjs mer än 8 till 12 timmar bör Cefuroxim eller Klindamycin upprepas var 8e timme till suturering. Likaså kan antibiotikaprofylax ges om primärsuturering av annan komplicerad bristning fördröjs mer än 8 timmar.
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